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Los Angeles Times Examines Increase In Caesarean Births, Related Rise In Risk, Cost
Caesarean sections -- which are performed in 31% of births, up from 4.5% in 1965 -- often are considered an unnecessary risk and "an example of how the intensive and expensive U.S. brand of medicine has failed to deliver better results and may, in fact, be doing more harm than good," the Los Angeles Times reports. According to the Times, c-sections can increase a woman"s risk of complications, such as infection, blood clots and premature delivery. Even without complication, c-sections typically result in longer hospital stays and increased costs. Expenses related to c-section births account for 45% of the more than $79 billion in annual hospital charges that childbirth incurs in the U.S. annually. The average uncomplicated c-section costs about $4,500, which is about twice the cost for vaginal births. C-sections cost about $13,000 for privately insured patients. According to a 2008 report by Childbirth Connection, "The financial toll of maternity care on private (insurers)/employers and Medicaid/taxpayers is especially large." It also said, "Maternity care thus plays a considerable role in escalating health care costs, which increasingly threaten the financial stability of families, employers, and federal and state budgets." Addressing the Increase
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Amyloid Aggregations And Tau Pathology Reflected By Cortical Thickness In The Default Network Of MCI And AD
Alzheimer"s disease patients show a relentless decline in memory over the course of the disease, which is accompanied by both brain atrophy and by characteristic deposits in the brain tissue called amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences studied a large database, collected in the US, of patients with Alzheimer"s or memory complaints who had MRI scans and had spinal taps to collect cerebrospinal fluid, which is in the brain and spinal chord. By examining the CFS they could measure the amounts of the substances that make p plaques and tangles, and related this to brain atrophy. They found that the amount of plaque and tangle-producing chemicals in the cerebrospinal fluid correlated with brain tissue loss in selective regions of the brain which are typically affected in Alzheimer"s disease. The brains in these regions had thinned out suggesting that brain cells had died. These regions are important for memory and are typically active when the brain is at rest. Using these techniques may ultimately help identify early markers of disease in Alzheimer"s, potentially indicating who is likely to develop Alzheimer"s before memory loss is critical.
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Combination Therapy Appears Helpful For Short-Term Treatment Of Insomnia; Cognitive Behavior Therapy May Be Better For Long-Term
For patients with persistent insomnia, a combination of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and the medication zolpidem for 6 weeks was associated with improvement in sleep, although for a longer treatment period CBT alone was more beneficial, according to a study in the May 20 issue of JAMA.
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Second Language Represented In Different Part Of Brain, Single Case Study Suggests

A single case study from Israel of a bilingual man who suffered damage to one part of his brain suggests that a person"s first and second language are represented in different parts of the brain. Dr Raphiq Ibrahim of the Department of Learning Disabilities at the University of Haifa carried out the study and published a short paper on it in March 2009 in the journal Behavioral and Brain Functions. He also revealed a bit more about his work to the media yesterday, 8 July. Research on where different languages sit in the brain is unclear, especially that which investigates languages of similar and different linguistic structures, said Ibrahim. Some studies suggest that all the languages a person learns are represented in one area of the brain while others suggest that second and susequent languages are dissociated in the brain from the mother tongue. While there are several ways to investigate this further, Ibrahim said the best way was to examine a bilingual person who has suffered brain damage. His patient was a 41-year old bilingual man with Arabic as his mother tongue and fluent to a high level in Hebrew which he used in his professional life. The patient had suffered brain damage as a result of hemorrhage related to herpes encephalitis that left him with language disorder or aphasia that was still present after rehabilitation. During rehabilitation the man"s Arabic improved more than his Hebrew. After rehabilitation Ibrahim invited the patient to complete standardized language and cognitive tests that showed damage to his Hebrew skills was significantly greater than damage to his Arabic skills. Ibrahim wrote that: "The results revealed dissociation between the two languages in terms of both the types and the magnitude of errors, pointing to aphasic symptoms in both languages, with Hebrew being the more impaired." Further analysis also showed that the dissociation was caused by damage at the lexical level (vocabulary) rather than to the semantic system (meaning and interpretation). Ibrahim"s paper concluded that: "The results suggest that the principles governing the organization of lexical representations in the brain are not similar for the two languages." Ibrahim told the press that even though this is not enough evidence from which to develop a structural model of language representation in the brain, this finding is an important step because the two languages, which have similar structure, phonetics and syntax, have not been studied like this before. "Most of the evidence in this field is derived from clinical observations of brain damage in English- and Indo-European-speaking patients, and few studies have been carried out on individuals who speak other languages, especially Semitic languages such as Hebrew and Arabic." said Ibrahim. "Selective deficit of second language: a case study of a brain-damaged Arabic-Hebrew bilingual patient." Ibrahim R. Behavioral and Brain Functions 2009, 5:17. doi:10.1186/1744-9081-5-17 Published online 12 March 2009. University of Haifa. Written by: Catharine Paddock, PhD Copyright: Medical News Today Not to be reproduced without permission of Medical News Today


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